Tag: immune system

Autism and Allergies

Greetings Earthlings!

Leading on from my previous post about the immune system, this week I’d like to talk about the interesting link between autism and allergies.

I’ve developed a lot of allergies during my lifetime- sticking plaster, grass, common medicines, certain shampoos, perfumes and hand soaps, and according to my blood work, I’m a tiny bit allergic to cow hair😂 Interestingly, I recently found out that there is a link between autism and allergies.

Studies have shown that children with autism tend to have higher levels of IgE and IgG (immunoglobulin E and G)- the antibodies that are produced in response to allergens. Other studies have suggested that autists may be twice as likely to suffer from food allergies and that boys with autism have higher rates of respiratory and skin allergies than their neurotypical peers.

But first things first, what exactly are allergies and what’s happening to your body?

An allergy occurs when the immune system thinks that normally harmless foreign substances are a threat to the body. The immune system then attacks healthy tissues in an attempt to defend the body against that substance, inflaming them and resulting in an allergic reaction. Symptoms can vary but common reactions may include itching, rashes, sneezing, headaches, nausea and swelling. Severe allergic reactions can cause anaphylaxis- a life threatening reaction where the immune system floods the body with chemicals which can cause it to go into shock requiring an Epipen injection.

So why might autists be more prone to allergies?

As previously discussed, the immune system tends to be abnormally activated in autists resulting in higher levels of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, making the body more likely to overreact to a harmless substance. Why the immune system behaves this way remains unclear. As with most autistic co-morbidities, an unknown genetic mutation likely underpins it. Furthermore as I’ve discussed in previous posts, some theories suggest that dietary sensitivities may contribute to autistic symptoms. Given that autists are twice as likely to suffer from food allergies, it’s possible that these could in fact play a role in autism.

Hope you enjoyed this post dear Earthlings!

Have a lovely weekend! 🙂

Aoife

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Autism and the Immune System

Greetings Earthlings! 🙂

This week I’d like to discuss how the immune system can contribute to autism through inflammation and autoimmune diseases.

Really Aoife? I thought the immune system was supposed to protect me from illness and repair the body after injuries?

Yes- ordinarily the immune system functions to protect and heal us from injury and disease, however, dysfunctions in the immune system can cause serious health issues. There are three main categories of immune dysfunction:

  • Immunodeficiency– where one or more parts of the immune system are inactive
  • Autoimmunity– where an overactive immune system is unable to tell the difference between the cells of the body and foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses. This leads to autoimmune disease (such as rheumatoid arthritis) where the immune system attacks healthy cells causing disease
  • Hypersensitivity– similar to autoimmunity where the immune system triggers an undesirable allergic reaction (like asthma and anaphylaxis) which attacks the cells of the body

So how does the immune system relate to autism?

A number have studies have highlighted that abnormal immune system activation could be playing a role in the development of autism. Inflammation is the body’s natural defense against foreign invaders. When the body is under attack from an infection for example, it starts to release pro-inflammatory chemicals called cytokines which triggers inflammation to start the battle. Once the threat has passed, an anti-inflammatory response begins to cool the body back down. This heating/cooling cycle doesn’t always run smoothly for some people leading to persistent inflammation which over time can cause damage to the body. Studies have shown that autists frequently show signs of widespread inflammation, often having high levels of pro-inflammatory chemicals. Postmortem brain samples in particular have shown evidence of enhanced immune activity suggesting that an overactive immune system may be contributing to the autistic brain.

There are also some studies that suggest autists are producing antibodies that attack their own brains- I know I’m my own worst enemy, but that is next level! 😛

Researchers believe that abnormal immune activity during pregnancy in particular could be a contributory factor in autism. Studies have noted that many women that have an autoimmune disease (such as lupus, psoriasis, diabetes etc.) also have a child with autism leading them to this potential link. It’s thought that pregnant women with autoimmune diseases produce antibodies that attack the baby’s brain as the immune system falsely identifies the baby as a foreign invader which can potentially cause autism and ADHD. Moreover, inflammation during pregnancy is also thought to interfere with the development of folds in the brain.

But is there any explanation as to why immune activity is abnormal in autism?

As with most things linked to autism, it’s likely that this activity has a genetic source. A number of the genes that have been linked to autism are also involved with the immune system, so mutations in these genes could explain the correlation.

Hope you enjoyed this post dear Earthlings!

Have a lovely weekend! 🙂

Aoife

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